On September 15, 2019 The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson reported results from the randomized Phase 2 GRIFFIN (MMY2004) study showing that the addition of DARZALEX (daratumumab) to bortezomib, lenalidomide and dexamethasone (VRd) induced higher response rates in newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma who were eligible for high-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) compared with VRd alone (Press release, Johnson & Johnson, SEP 15, 2019, View Source [SID1234539501]). The data, selected as a late-breaking abstract, were presented at the 17th International Myeloma Workshop (IMW) meeting in Boston.
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"The GRIFFIN study is the second randomized study to investigate the benefit of daratumumab for patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma who are eligible for a transplant, and the first in combination with lenalidomide for this population," said Peter M. Voorhees, M.D., GRIFFIN principal investigator at Levine Cancer Institute. "This study adds to the growing body of evidence for the addition of daratumumab to proteasome inhibitor/immunomodulatory combination therapy in the transplant setting."
Results from the Phase 2 GRIFFIN study showed that by the end of six cycles of therapy and transplant, a greater percentage of patients receiving DARZALEX-VRd achieved the primary endpoint of stringent complete response (sCR) compared with VRd alone (42 percent vs. 32 percent, respectively; Odds Ratio [OR] = 1.57; 95 percent confidence interval [CI], 0.87-2.82; P=0.1359), meeting the prespecified 2-sided alpha of 0.2 for a positive study.1 The addition of DARZALEX to VRd resulted in higher rates of overall response (99 percent vs. 92 percent), very good partial response or better (91 percent vs. 73 percent) and complete response (CR) or better (52 percent vs. 42 percent) compared with VRd alone, respectively.1 Notably, the rate of minimal residual disease (MRD) negativity among patients achieving a CR or better more than doubled in the DARZALEX-VRd arm compared with VRd alone (59 percent vs. 24 percent).1 The most common (≥10 percent) Grade 3/4 treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) for DARZALEX-VRd were neutropenia (32 percent), lymphopenia (23 percent), thrombocytopenia (16 percent) and leukopenia (15 percent).1 Grade 1/2 infections occurred more frequently in the DARZALEX-VRd arm, but there was no difference in the rate of Grade 3/4 infections between the DARZALEX-VRd and VRd arms.1 Infusion-related reactions (IRRs) occurred in 41 percent of patients who received DARZALEX-VRd, which were primarily Grade 1/2 and during the initial infusion.1
"This primary analysis of the GRIFFIN study builds on the safety and efficacy data in the initial group of 16 patients presented at the 2018 American Society of Hematology (ASH) (Free ASH Whitepaper) Annual Meeting," said Andree Amelsberg, M.D., MBA, Vice President, Oncology Medical Affairs, Janssen Biotech, Inc. "It provides further support for evaluation of DARZALEX in the transplant-eligible patient population, which is important as we continue our work to discover new therapeutic approaches to improve outcomes for patients."
In addition to GRIFFIN, data from the Phase 2 PLEIADES (MMY2040) study, presented during an oral session at the IMW meeting, showed that an investigational DARZALEX subcutaneous (SC) formulation delivered in combination with standard-of-care treatment regimens showed similar clinical activity and safety to DARZALEX intravenous (IV) regimens.2 The study is the first to evaluate SC DARZALEX in different combination regimens for patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma as well as those who were relapsed/refractory to current treatment options.2
"We’re excited about the opportunity to progress the innovation represented by the DARZALEX subcutaneous formulation, which can be administered over the course of minutes and has the potential to offer a reduction in infusion-related events as compared to the approved intravenous formulation," said Craig Tendler, M.D., Vice President, Clinical Development and Global Medical Affairs, Oncology, Janssen Research & Development, LLC. "Data from the PLEIADES study demonstrates that the DARZALEX subcutaneous formulation can also be safely administered in combination with standard backbone regimens used for treatment naïve and relapsed/refractory patients with multiple myeloma. It has been included in our recent submission of a Biologics License Application to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration seeking approval of a new DARZALEX subcutaneous formulation for patients with multiple myeloma."
Results from the PLEIADES study showed the median duration of administration was 5 minutes across all cohorts, compared with more than 3 hours with IV infusions.2 Rates of any grade IRRs and injection-site reactions were 7.5 percent across all cohorts, with one Grade 3 IRR in one cohort and no Grade 4 IRRs.2 Grade 3/4 TEAEs were reported by more than 50 percent of patients across cohorts, and TEAEs leading to treatment discontinuation were less than 8 percent in all cohorts.2 Safety profiles in all cohorts were consistent with the IV administration of DARZALEX in combination with these regimens.2
About the GRIFFIN Trial1
The open-label Phase 2 GRIFFIN (MMY2004) study has enrolled and treated adult patients, age 29-70 years, with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma who were eligible for high-dose therapy/ASCT, including 16 patients in a safety run-in phase and more than 200 patients in the subsequent randomized portion of the study. During induction (Cycles 1-4) and consolidation (Cycles 5-6) in the randomized part of the study, all patients received 25 mg of lenalidomide orally on Days 1-14, 1.3 mg/m2 of bortezomib subcutaneously on Days 1, 4, 8 and 11, and 20 mg of dexamethasone on Days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15 and 16 every 21 days. In the DARZALEX-VRd arm, DARZALEX 16 mg/kg IV was given on Days 1, 8 and 15 of Cycles 1-4 and on Day 1 of Cycles 5-6. During maintenance (Cycles 7-32), all patients received 10 mg daily of lenalidomide (15 mg beginning at Cycle 10 if tolerated) on Days 1-21 every 28 days. In the DARZALEX-VRd arm, DARZALEX 16 mg/kg IV was given every 56 days; this has been amended to give DARZALEX every 28 days based on emerging pharmacokinetic data. Maintenance therapy with lenalidomide may be continued beyond Cycle 32 per local standard of care.
About the PLEIADES Trial2
The non-randomized, open-label, parallel assignment Phase 2 PLEIADES (MMY2040) study included 199 adults with either newly diagnosed or relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma were treated with 1,800 mg of the SC formulation in combination with either bortezomib, lenalidomide and dexamethasone (D-VRd) or bortezomib, melphalan and prednisone (D-VMP). Patients with relapsed or refractory disease were treated with 1,800 mg of the SC formulation plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone (D-Rd). The primary endpoint for the D-VMP and D-Rd cohorts was overall response rate. The primary endpoint for the D-VRd cohort was very good partial response or better rate. An additional cohort of patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma treated with daratumumab plus carfilzomib and dexamethasone was subsequently added to the study.
About DARZALEX (daratumumab)
DARZALEX (daratumumab), the first CD38-directed antibody approved anywhere in the world, is the only CD38-directed antibody approved to treat multiple myeloma.3 CD38 is a surface protein that is present in high numbers on multiple myeloma cells, regardless of the stage of disease.4 DARZALEX binds to CD38 and inhibits tumor cell growth causing myeloma cell death.3 DARZALEX may also have an effect on normal cells.3 DARZALEX is being evaluated in a comprehensive clinical development program across a range of treatment settings in multiple myeloma, such as in frontline and relapsed settings.5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12 Additional studies are ongoing or planned to assess its potential in other malignant and pre-malignant hematologic diseases in which CD38 is expressed, such as smoldering myeloma.13,14
In the U.S., DARZALEX received initial FDA approval in November 2015 as a monotherapy for patients with multiple myeloma who have received at least three prior lines of therapy, including a proteasome inhibitor (PI) and an immunomodulatory agent, or who are double refractory to a PI and an immunomodulatory agent.15 DARZALEX received additional approvals in November 2016 in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone, or bortezomib and dexamethasone, for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma who have received at least one prior therapy.16 In June 2017, DARZALEX received approval in combination with pomalidomide and dexamethasone for the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma who have received at least two prior therapies, including lenalidomide and a PI.17 In May 2018, DARZALEX received approval in combination with bortezomib, melphalan and prednisone for the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma who are ineligible for ASCT, making it the first monoclonal antibody approved for newly diagnosed patients with this disease.18 In March 2019, a supplemental Biologics License Application was submitted to the U.S. FDA seeking approval of DARZALEX in combination with bortezomib, thalidomide and dexamethasone for newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma who are eligible for ASCT based on the Phase 3 CASSIOPEIA study. Most recently, in June 2019, DARZALEX received approval in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone for the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma who are transplant ineligible.19
In August 2012, Janssen Biotech, Inc. entered into a global license and development agreement with Genmab A/S, which granted Janssen an exclusive license to develop, manufacture and commercialize DARZALEX.20 For the full U.S. Prescribing Information, please visit www.DARZALEX.com.
About Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma is an incurable blood cancer that affects a type of white blood cell called plasma cells, which are found in the bone marrow.21,22 When damaged, these plasma cells rapidly spread and replace normal cells with tumors in the bone marrow.20,21 In 2019, it is estimated that 32,110 people will be diagnosed and 12,960 will die from the disease in the U.S.23 While some patients with multiple myeloma have no symptoms, most patients are diagnosed due to symptoms, which can include bone fracture or pain, low red blood counts, tiredness, high calcium levels, kidney problems or infections.24
IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION3
CONTRAINDICATIONS
DARZALEX (daratumumab) is contraindicated in patients with a history of severe hypersensitivity (eg, anaphylactic reactions) to daratumumab or any of the components of the formulation.
WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
Infusion Reactions – DARZALEX can cause severe and/or serious infusion reactions, including anaphylactic reactions. In clinical trials, approximately half of all patients experienced an infusion reaction. Most infusion reactions occurred during the first infusion and were Grade 1-2. Infusion reactions can also occur with subsequent infusions. Nearly all reactions occurred during infusion or within 4 hours of completing DARZALEX. Prior to the introduction of post-infusion medication in clinical trials, infusion reactions occurred up to 48 hours after infusion. Severe reactions have occurred, including bronchospasm, hypoxia, dyspnea, hypertension, laryngeal edema, and pulmonary edema. Signs and symptoms may include respiratory symptoms, such as nasal congestion, cough, throat irritation, as well as chills, vomiting, and nausea. Less common symptoms were wheezing, allergic rhinitis, pyrexia, chest discomfort, pruritus, and hypotension.
Pre-medicate patients with antihistamines, antipyretics, and corticosteroids. Frequently monitor patients during the entire infusion. Interrupt infusion for reactions of any severity and institute medical management as needed. Permanently discontinue therapy if an anaphylactic reaction or life-threatening (Grade 4) reaction occurs and institute appropriate emergency care. For patients with Grade 1, 2, or 3 reactions, reduce the infusion rate when re-starting the infusion.
To reduce the risk of delayed infusion reactions, administer oral corticosteroids to all patients following DARZALEX infusions. Patients with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may require additional post-infusion medications to manage respiratory complications. Consider prescribing short- and long-acting bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Interference with Serological Testing – Daratumumab binds to CD38 on red blood cells (RBCs) and results in a positive Indirect Antiglobulin Test (Indirect Coombs test). Daratumumab-mediated positive indirect antiglobulin test may persist for up to 6 months after the last daratumumab infusion. Daratumumab bound to RBCs masks detection of antibodies to minor antigens in the patient’s serum. The determination of a patient’s ABO and Rh blood type are not impacted. Notify blood transfusion centers of this interference with serological testing and inform blood banks that a patient has received DARZALEX. Type and screen patients prior to starting DARZALEX.
Neutropenia and Thrombocytopenia – DARZALEX may increase neutropenia and/or thrombocytopenia induced by background therapy. Monitor complete blood cell counts periodically during treatment according to the manufacturer’s prescribing information for background therapies. Monitor patients with neutropenia for signs of infection. DARZALEX dose delay may be required to allow recovery of neutrophils and/or platelets. No dose reduction of DARZALEX is recommended. Consider supportive care with growth factors for neutropenia or transfusions for thrombocytopenia.
Interference with Determination of Complete Response – Daratumumab is a human IgG kappa monoclonal antibody that can be detected on both the serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) and immunofixation (IFE) assays used for the clinical monitoring of endogenous M-protein. This interference can impact the determination of complete response and of disease progression in some patients with IgG kappa myeloma protein.
Adverse Reactions – The most frequently reported adverse reactions (incidence ≥20%) were: infusion reactions, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, fatigue, asthenia, nausea, diarrhea, constipation, decreased appetite, vomiting, muscle spasms, arthralgia, back pain, pyrexia, chills, dizziness, insomnia, cough, dyspnea, peripheral edema, peripheral sensory neuropathy, bronchitis, pneumonia and upper respiratory tract infection.
DARZALEX in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone (DRd): The most frequent (≥20%) adverse reactions for newly diagnosed or relapsed refractory patients were, respectively, infusion reactions (41%, 48%), diarrhea (57%, 43%), nausea (32%, 24%), fatigue (40%, 35%), pyrexia (23%, 20%), upper respiratory tract infection (52%, 65%), muscle spasms (29%, 26%), dyspnea (32%, 21%), and cough (30%, 30%). In newly diagnosed patients, constipation (41%), peripheral edema (41%), back pain (34%), asthenia (32%), bronchitis (29%), pneumonia (26%), decreased appetite (22%), and peripheral sensory neuropathy (24%) were also reported. In newly diagnosed patients, serious adverse reactions (≥2% compared to Rd) were dehydration (2%), bronchitis (4%), and pneumonia (15%), and treatment-emergent Grade 3-4 hematology laboratory abnormalities (≥20%) were leukopenia (35%), neutropenia (56%), and lymphopenia (52%). In relapsed/refractory patients, serious adverse reactions (≥2% compared to Rd) were pneumonia (12%), upper respiratory tract infection (7%), influenza (3%), and pyrexia (3%), and treatment-emergent Grade 3-4 hematology laboratory abnormalities (≥20%) were neutropenia (53%) and lymphopenia (52%).
DARZALEX in combination with bortezomib, melphalan, and prednisone (DVMP): The most frequently reported adverse reactions (≥20%) were upper respiratory tract infection (48%), infusion reactions (28%), and peripheral edema (21%). Serious adverse reactions (≥2% compared to the VMP arm) were pneumonia (11%), upper respiratory tract infection (5%), and pulmonary edema (2%). Treatment-emergent Grade 3-4 hematology laboratory abnormalities (≥20%) were lymphopenia (58%), neutropenia (44%), and thrombocytopenia (38%).
DARZALEX in combination with bortezomib and dexamethasone (DVd): The most frequently reported adverse reactions (≥20%) were peripheral sensory neuropathy (47%), infusion reactions (45%), upper respiratory tract infection (44%), diarrhea (32%), cough (27%), peripheral edema (22%), and dyspnea (21%). The overall incidence of serious adverse reactions was 42%. Serious adverse reactions (≥2% compared to Vd) were upper respiratory tract infection (5%), diarrhea (2%), and atrial fibrillation (2%). Treatment-emergent Grade 3-4 hematology laboratory abnormalities (≥20%) were lymphopenia (48%) and thrombocytopenia (47%).
DARZALEX in combination with pomalidomide and dexamethasone (DPd): The most frequent adverse reactions (>20%) were fatigue (50%), infusion reactions (50%), upper respiratory tract infection (50%), cough (43%), diarrhea (38%), constipation (33%), dyspnea (33%), nausea (30%), muscle spasms (26%), back pain (25%), pyrexia (25%), insomnia (23%), arthralgia (22%), dizziness (21%), and vomiting (21%). The overall incidence of serious adverse reactions was 49%. Serious adverse reactions reported in ≥5% of patients included pneumonia (7%). Treatment-emergent Grade 3-4 hematology laboratory abnormalities (≥20%) were anemia (30%), neutropenia (82%), and lymphopenia (71%).
DARZALEX as monotherapy: The most frequently reported adverse reactions (≥20%) were infusion reactions (48%), fatigue (39%), nausea (27%), back pain (23%), pyrexia (21%), cough (21%), and upper respiratory tract infection (20%). The overall incidence of serious adverse reactions was 33%. The most frequent serious adverse reactions were pneumonia (6%), general physical health deterioration (3%), and pyrexia (3%). Treatment-emergent Grade 3-4 hematology laboratory abnormalities (≥20%) were lymphopenia (40%) and neutropenia (20%).