Seattle Genetics Highlights Updated Analyses from Phase 3 ALCANZA Clinical Trial of ADCETRIS® (Brentuximab Vedotin) in CD30-Expressing Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma at ASH Annual Meeting

On December 9, 2017 Seattle Genetics, Inc. (Nasdaq: SGEN) reported updated results from the phase 3 ALCANZA clinical trial evaluating ADCETRIS (brentuximab vedotin) in CD30-expressing cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) at the 59th American Society of Hematology (ASH) (Free ASH Whitepaper) Annual Meeting and Exposition taking place in Atlanta, Georgia, December 9-12, 2017 (Press release, Seattle Genetics, DEC 9, 2017, View Source;p=RssLanding&cat=news&id=2321936 [SID1234522472]). The presentation highlighted longer-term durability data from the phase 3 ALCANZA clinical trial of single-agent ADCETRIS for the treatment of patients with primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma (pcALCL) or CD30-expressing mycosis fungoides (MF). Together, these comprise approximately 70 percent of CTCL diagnoses and the majority of patients who require systemic therapy.

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"The updated analyses from the phase 3 ALCANZA clinical trial presented at this year’s ASH (Free ASH Whitepaper) annual meeting are based on longer-term follow-up by investigators. Since the initial presentation at the ASH (Free ASH Whitepaper) Annual Meeting in 2016, the ALCANZA results continue to show superior clinical efficacy of ADCETRIS over standard-of-care therapies in patients with CD30-expressing CTCL," said Jonathan Drachman, M.D., Chief Medical Officer and Executive Vice President, Research and Development at Seattle Genetics. "The updated analyses demonstrate that the primary and secondary endpoints per investigator are better than previously reported by independent review facility assessment. CTCL is a debilitating and disfiguring disease. With the recent FDA approval of ADCETRIS for use in two common subtypes based on the ALCANZA results, we are now able to provide patients with a clinically meaningful therapeutic option in the approved settings. This is a significant milestone for the lymphoma community and for our goal to make ADCETRIS available to as many patients as possible with CD30-expressing lymphomas."

Updated Analyses of the International, Open-Label, Randomized, Phase 3 ALCANZA Study: Longer-term Evidence for Superiority of Brentuximab Vedotin Versus Methotrexate or Bexarotene for CD30-Positive Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma (Abstract #1509, poster presentation on Saturday, December 9, 2017)

ALCANZA was a randomized, open-label phase 3 study designed to evaluate single-agent ADCETRIS versus a control arm of investigator’s choice of standard of care therapies, methotrexate or bexarotene, in patients with CD30-expressing pcALCL or MF. Patients with pcALCL must have received at least one prior systemic or radiation therapy and patients with MF must have received at least one prior systemic therapy. A total of 131 patients were randomized with 128 patients in the intent-to-treat population. Sixty-four patients were assigned to the ADCETRIS arm and 64 patients were assigned to the control arm. Patients received ADCETRIS or investigator’s choice of methotrexate or bexarotene for up to approximately one year.

Data from longer-term patient follow-up per investigator assessment in the phase 3 ALCANZA trial after a median observation time of 33.9 months from the first dose of ADCETRIS versus physician’s choice include:

The trial achieved its primary endpoint of demonstrating a highly statistically significant improvement in the rate of objective response lasting at least four months (ORR4) in the ADCETRIS arm versus the control arm. The ORR4 per investigator assessment was 60.9 percent in the ADCETRIS arm compared to 7.8 percent in the control arm (p-value <0.001).
The key secondary endpoints per investigator, including complete response (CR) rate, progression-free survival (PFS) and reduction in the burden of symptoms during treatment (per Skindex-29 questionnaire), continued to be all highly statistically significant in favor of the ADCETRIS arm.
The median PFS per investigator in the ADCETRIS arm was 15.8 months compared to 3.6 months in the control arm (HR 0.373; 95% CI, 0.245-0.569; p-value <0.001).
The CR rate in the ADCETRIS arm was 18.8 percent compared to zero percent in the control arm (p-value <0.001).
Patient-reported quality of life assessed by the Skindex-29 questionnaire showed significantly greater symptom reduction for patients in the ADCETRIS arm versus the control arm (mean maximum change of -28.08 vs -8.62; p-value <0.001).
At time of the analyses, 47 patients (73 percent) in the ADCETRIS arm and 48 patients (75 percent) in the physician’s choice arm had received one or more subsequent skin-directed or systemic therapy. The median time to next treatment in the ADCETRIS arm was significantly longer at 14.2 months compared with the physician’s choice arm at 6.1 months (p-value <0.001). In the ADCETRIS versus physician’s choice arms, the probability of patients not requiring subsequent skin-directed or systemic therapy was greater at one year (65.5 percent vs. 15.3 percent) and two years (24.6 percent vs. 4.4 percent).
Peripheral neuropathy events were observed in 44 of 66 patients (67 percent) in the ADCETRIS arm and four of 62 patients (six percent) in the physician’s choice arm. In the ADCETRIS arm, 86 percent of patients reported resolution or improvement in peripheral neuropathy events, with 59 percent reporting resolution of all events after a median of 30 weeks and 27 percent reporting some improvement after a median of 13 weeks. Eighteen patients had ongoing peripheral neuropathy events, including 15 patients with Grade 1 and three patients with Grade 2.
In November 2017, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved ADCETRIS for the treatment of adult patients with pcALCL or CD30-expressing MF who have received prior systemic therapy based on the results of the phase 3 ALCANZA clinical trial.

About CTCL

Lymphoma is a general term for a group of cancers that originate in the lymphatic system. There are two major categories of lymphoma: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cutaneous lymphomas are a category of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that primarily involve the skin. According to the Cutaneous Lymphoma Foundation, CTCL is the most common type of cutaneous lymphoma and typically presents with red, scaly patches or thickened plaques of skin that often mimic eczema or chronic dermatitis. The most common subtypes of CTCL include mycosis fungoides and primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Progression from limited skin involvement may be accompanied by skin tumor formation, ulceration and exfoliation, complicated by itching and infections. Advanced stages are defined by involvement of lymph nodes, peripheral blood and internal organs.

According to the American Cancer Society and the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, CTCL represents approximately four percent of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, which is about 2,800 patients. Not all newly diagnosed patients require systemic therapy. The standard treatment for CTCL patients includes skin-directed therapies, radiation and systemic therapies. Prior to the FDA approval of ADCETRIS, systemic therapies approved for treatment demonstrated 30 to 45 percent objective response rates, with low complete response rates and low durability as demonstrated by a median time to next systemic treatment of 3.9 months for chemotherapy and 4.5 months for histone deacetylase inhibitors.

About ADCETRIS

ADCETRIS is being evaluated broadly in more than 70 clinical trials, including three phase 3 studies: the completed ECHELON-1 trial in frontline classical Hodgkin lymphoma that supported the recent FDA Breakthrough Therapy Designation and submission of the supplemental Biologics License Application (BLA) for use in this setting, the ongoing ECHELON-2 trial in frontline mature T-cell lymphomas, and the ongoing CHECKMATE 812 trial of ADCETRIS in combination with Opdivo (nivolumab) for relapsed/refractory Hodgkin lymphoma.

ADCETRIS is an ADC comprising an anti-CD30 monoclonal antibody attached by a protease-cleavable linker to a microtubule disrupting agent, monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), utilizing Seattle Genetics’ proprietary technology. The ADC employs a linker system that is designed to be stable in the bloodstream but to release MMAE upon internalization into CD30-expressing tumor cells.

ADCETRIS injection for intravenous infusion has received FDA approval for four indications: (1) regular approval for adult patients with primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma (pcALCL) or CD30-expressing mycosis fungoides (MF) who have received prior systemic therapy, (2) regular approval for the treatment of patients with classical Hodgkin lymphoma after failure of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT) or after failure of at least two prior multi-agent chemotherapy regimens in patients who are not auto-HSCT candidates, (3) regular approval for the treatment of classical Hodgkin lymphoma patients at high risk of relapse or progression as post-auto-HSCT consolidation, and (4) accelerated approval for the treatment of patients with systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma (sALCL) after failure of at least one prior multi-agent chemotherapy regimen. The sALCL indication is approved under accelerated approval based on overall response rate. Continued approval for the sALCL indication may be contingent upon verification and description of clinical benefit in confirmatory trials.

Health Canada granted ADCETRIS approval with conditions for relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma and sALCL in 2013, and non-conditional approval for post-ASCT consolidation treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma patients at increased risk of relapse or progression.

ADCETRIS was granted conditional marketing authorization by the European Commission in October 2012 for two indications: (1) for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory CD30-positive Hodgkin lymphoma following autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT), or following at least two prior therapies when ASCT or multi-agent chemotherapy is not a treatment option, and (2) the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory sALCL. The European Commission extended the current conditional marketing authorization of ADCETRIS and approved ADCETRIS for the treatment of adult patients with CD30-positive Hodgkin lymphoma at increased risk of relapse or progression following ASCT.

ADCETRIS has received marketing authorization by regulatory authorities in 69 countries for relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma and sALCL. See important safety information below.

Seattle Genetics and Takeda are jointly developing ADCETRIS. Under the terms of the collaboration agreement, Seattle Genetics has U.S. and Canadian commercialization rights and Takeda has rights to commercialize ADCETRIS in the rest of the world. Seattle Genetics and Takeda are funding joint development costs for ADCETRIS on a 50:50 basis, except in Japan where Takeda is solely responsible for development costs.

BeiGene Presents Preliminary Phase 1b Data on BTK Inhibitor Zanubrutinib (BGB-3111) in Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma at the 59th American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting

On December 9, 2017 BeiGene, Ltd. (NASDAQ:BGNE), a commercial-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing innovative molecularly targeted and immuno-oncology drugs for the treatment of cancer, reported preliminary clinical data from an ongoing Phase 1b trial of its investigational Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) inhibitor zanubrutinib (BGB-3111) in patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) in an oral presentation at the 59th American Society of Hematology (ASH) (Free ASH Whitepaper) Annual Meeting in Atlanta, GA (Press release, BeiGene, DEC 9, 2017, View Source;p=RssLanding&cat=news&id=2321942 [SID1234522476]). The preliminary data included patients with aggressive NHL subtypes such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) as well as indolent NHL subtypes such as follicular lymphoma (FL) and marginal zone lymphoma (MZL). The Phase 1b data suggest that zanubrutinib was generally well-tolerated and had anti-tumor activity across these NHL subtypes.

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"In this Phase 1b trial, zanubrutinib was well-tolerated across multiple NHL subtypes, with very low rates of toxicity-related treatment discontinuation in both indolent and aggressive disease settings. These preliminary data also indicate that zanubrutinib’s complete and sustained BTK occupancy translates into high response rates in NHL subtypes beyond Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia and Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, for which data have previously been reported," commented Constantine Tam, MD, Disease Group Lead for Low Grade Lymphoma and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia at Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Director of Haematology at St. Vincent’s Hospital, Australia, and lead author of the presentation.

"Building upon the promising Phase 1b data we have presented for zanubrutinib, we are pleased to report results from additional NHL subtypes enrolled in our Phase 1b trial. We continue to pursue broad development of zanubrutinib with ongoing pivotal trials in a range of NHL subtypes both globally and in China," commented Jane Huang, MD, Chief Medical Officer, Hematology at BeiGene.

Summary of Results from the Ongoing Phase 1b Trial

The multi-center, open-label Phase 1b trial of zanubrutinib in patients with B-cell malignancies is being conducted in Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, the United States, and Europe, and consists of a dose-escalation phase and a dose-expansion phase in disease-specific cohorts. The ongoing dose-expansion component is testing doses of 160 mg twice daily (BID) or 320 mg once a day (QD). As of September 15, 2017, the date of the most recent data cutoff, 99 patients with NHL subtypes other than chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma and Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia were enrolled in the study, including 34 patients in the indolent lymphoma cohort, which consisted of 24 patients with FL and 10 patients with MZL, and 65 patients in the aggressive lymphoma cohort, which consisted of 27 patients with DLBCL and 38 patients with MCL. The median follow-up time was 5.6 months (0.3-22.3 months) and 5.1 months (0.1-31.9) for indolent and aggressive lymphoma, respectively.

At the time of data cutoff, the most frequent adverse events (AEs) (occurring in ≥15% of patients) of any attribution among 34 patients with indolent lymphoma were petechiae/purpura/contusion (24%), upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) (21%), nausea (18%) and pyrexia (15%). The most frequently reported grade 3 or greater AEs (occurring in ≥5% of patients) of any attribution were anemia (9%), neutropenia (9%), urinary tract infection (6%), and abdominal pain (6%). Serious AEs were reported in 11 patients (32%). Of those, four patients had serious AEs that were considered possibly related to zanubrutinib, including one case each of nausea, urinary tract infection, diarrhea, and creatinine increase.

The most frequent AEs (occurring in ≥15% of patients) of any attribution among 65 patients with aggressive lymphoma were petechiae/purpura/contusion (25%), diarrhea (23%), constipation (22%), fatigue (18%), URTI (18%), anemia (17%), cough (15%), pyrexia (15%), and thrombocytopenia (15%). The most frequently reported grade 3 or greater AEs (occurring in ≥5% of patients) of any attribution were anemia (11%), neutropenia (9%), thrombocytopenia (9%), and pneumonia (6%). Serious AEs were reported in 26 patients (40%). Of those, three patients had serious AEs that were considered possibly related to zanubrutinib, including one case each of peripheral edema and joint effusion (occurring in the same patient), pneumonia, and pneumonitis.

At the time of data cutoff, 26 patients with indolent lymphoma including 17 patients with FL and nine patients with MZL were evaluable for efficacy. In patients with FL, the overall response rate (ORR) was 41% with complete responses (CRs) in 18% and partial responses (PRs) in 24% of patients. Stable disease (SD) was observed in 41% of patients. Progressive disease (PD) was observed in one patient. In patients with MZL, the ORR was 78% with no CR, and PRs in 78% of patients. SD was observed in 22% of patients. No PD was observed.

Fifty-eight patients with aggressive lymphoma including 26 patients with DLBCL and 32 patients with MCL were evaluable for efficacy. In patients with DLBCL, the ORR was 31% with CRs in 15% and PRs in 15% of patients. In patients with MCL, the ORR was 88% with CRs in 25% and PRs in 63% of patients.

About Zanubrutinib

Zanubrutinib (BGB-3111) is an investigational small molecule inhibitor of BTK that has demonstrated higher selectivity against BTK than ibrutinib (a BTK inhibitor currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency) based on biochemical assays, higher exposure than ibrutinib based on their respective Phase 1 experience in separate studies, and sustained 24-hour BTK occupancy in both the peripheral blood and lymph node compartments.

Dr. Richard Chen, Chief Scientific Officer, Personalis, Inc. to Present Data and Discuss Tumor Immuno-genomics and Personalized Vaccines Solutions at 2017 Neoantigen Summit

On December 8, 2017 Personalis, Inc., a leading provider of advanced genomic sequencing and analytics to support the development of personalized cancer vaccines and other next-generation cancer immunotherapies, reported that the company’s Chief Scientific Officer (CSO), Dr. Richard Chen, will be speaking at the upcoming Neoantigen Summit, being held in Boston, MA from November 14-16, 2017 (Press release, Personalis, DEC 8, 2017, View Source [SID1234522469]).

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The presentation entitled, "From Sample to Neoantigens for Vaccines: Key Challenges and Solutions" will cover topics including:

cfDNA Neoantigens: dealing with tumor heterogeneity
Improving neoantigen identification
Elaborating tumor microenvironment (TME), immuno-modulators and vaccine response biomarkers
Overcoming poor sample quality and quantity for NGS sequencing
Addressing sequencing coverage gaps that can harbor neoantigens
Validation and regulatory issues on the way to commercialization
Central to this presentation will be Personalis’ ACE ImmunoID Platform. The platform enables the comprehensive characterization of a tumor’s immuno-genomics including neoantigens, the tumor microenvironment, HLA, immuno-modulators and mechanisms of tumor escape to aid rational vaccine design.

"We are continuing to innovate to help our customers build safe, effective, and scalable personalized cancer vaccines. In this talk we will discuss how our ACE ImmunoID platform has been designed to overcome key challenges in personalized cancer vaccine development process starting from a tumor sample to neoantigen identification and rational vaccine design," said Dr. Richard Chen, CSO at Personalis.

Personalis will also be exhibiting during the Neoantigen Summit. Representatives will be available to answer questions about the company’s neoantigen identification and immuno-genomics capabilities.

Talazoparib Significantly Extends Progression-Free Survival in Phase 3 EMBRACA Trial of Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer

On December 8, 2017 Pfizer Inc. (NYSE:PFE) reported that the Phase 3 EMBRACA trial in patients with germline (inherited) BRCA1/2-positive (gBRCA+) locally advanced and/or metastatic breast cancer (MBC) demonstrated superior progression-free survival (PFS) in patients treated with talazoparib, compared to patients who received physician’s choice standard of care chemotherapy (Press release, Pfizer, DEC 8, 2017, View Source [SID1234522470]). Median PFS was 8.6 months (95% CI: 7.2, 9.3) for patients treated with talazoparib and 5.6 months (95% CI: 4.2, 6.7) for those treated with chemotherapy [HR: 0.54 (95% CI: 0.41, 0.71), p<0.0001]. This represents a 46% reduction in the risk of disease progression. In addition, the proportion of patients achieving a complete or partial response (objective response rate) in the talazoparib group was more than twice that of the control arm (62.6% for talazoparib vs. 27.2% for chemotherapy [OR: 4.99 (95% CI: 2.9-8.8), p<0.0001]). Talazoparib is an investigational, oral, dual-mechanism poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor that is taken once daily. The data will be presented today as an oral presentation at the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium.

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"Patients with germline BRCA-positive breast cancer are typically diagnosed at a younger age than those with nonhereditary breast cancer, and there are no therapies specifically approved for them outside of current standard of care therapies," said Jennifer Litton, MD, lead investigator and associate professor in the breast medical oncology department of The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. "EMBRACA supports the potential of talazoparib to give these patients additional time without disease progression, compared to chemotherapy."

Pfizer will be discussing these data from EMBRACA, the largest Phase 3 trial performed to date of a PARP inhibitor in patients with gBRCA+ MBC, with worldwide health authorities. There are currently limited treatment options for patients with this molecular subtype.

"Results from the EMBRACA study are very encouraging and a great example of precision drug development. By enrolling only patients with germline BRCA-positive metastatic breast cancer, treatment with talazoparib reduced the risk of disease worsening by nearly half, compared with current standard of care chemotherapy. This includes heavily pretreated patients, those with hormone receptor-positive disease and those who had a history of brain metastases," said Mace Rothenberg, MD, chief development officer, Oncology, Pfizer Global Product Development.

The results of the EMBRACA trial also showed that the PFS benefit with talazoparib was consistent across prespecified subgroups, including hormone receptor (HR) status (triple negative [TNBC] or hormone receptor-positive [HR+]), BRCA mutation (1 or 2), prior chemotherapy (whether patients had none or up to three chemotherapies before talazoparib), and history of central nervous system (CNS) metastases. There also was a statistically significant delay in the time to clinically meaningful deterioration in global health status/quality of life with talazoparib versus chemotherapy (HR 0.38 [95% CI 0.26-0.55], p<0.0001), as measured by the EORTC QLQ-C30, a cancer-specific, patient-reported quality of life questionnaire.

Adverse events (AEs) observed with talazoparib were consistent with findings from previous trials. The most common AEs observed with talazoparib (any grade in at least 15% of patients) were anemia (52.8%), fatigue (50.3%), nausea (48.6%), neutropenia (34.6%), headache (32.5%), thrombocytopenia (26.9%), alopecia (25.2%), vomiting (24.8%), diarrhea (22%), constipation (22%), decreased appetite (21.3%), back pain (21%) and dyspnea (17.5%). The incidence of serious AEs was 31.8% in the talazoparib arm and 29.4% in the chemotherapy arm. Discontinuations due to AEs occurred in 7.7% of patients in the talazoparib arm and 9.5% of patients in the chemotherapy arm.

In addition to EMBRACA, talazoparib demonstrated promising activity in patients with gBRCA+ MBC in the Phase 2 ABRAZO trial. Patients in ABRAZO had either been previously treated with platinum-based chemotherapy or were heavily pretreated with at least three prior lines of non-platinum-based chemotherapy.1

About EMBRACA

EMBRACA is a global Phase 3, open-label, randomized, parallel, 2-arm trial of talazoparib versus protocol-specific physician’s choice of standard single-agent chemotherapy (PCT [capecitabine, eribulin, gemcitabine or vinorelbine]) in gBRCA+ patients who may have received up to three prior cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens for locally advanced and/or metastatic breast cancer. Patients enrolled had a diagnosis of TNBC or HR+/HER2-negative breast cancer. The trial randomized (2:1) 431 patients to receive talazoparib (1.0 mg) once daily or PCT.

About Germline BRCA1/2-Positive Breast Cancer

BRCA1 and BRCA2 are human genes that produce proteins involved in DNA repair. When either of these genes is altered or mutated, DNA repair may not progress correctly. This can lead to the development of certain types of cancer such as breast cancer.2,3,4 BRCA mutations can be hereditary (germline) or occur spontaneously (sporadic).2 Together, BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations account for about 20 to 25 percent of hereditary breast cancers and about 5 to 10 percent of all breast cancers.5,6 Up to 65 percent of women who inherit a BRCA mutation will develop breast cancer by age 70.2 Epidemiologic studies indicate that individuals with gBRCA+ status are diagnosed with breast cancer at a median age of 40-45, which is approximately 20 years younger than the overall breast cancer population.7

About Talazoparib

Talazoparib is an investigational anti-cancer compound called a PARP (poly ADP ribose polymerase) inhibitor. Preclinical studies suggest that talazoparib is highly potent and has a dual mechanism of action, with the potential to induce tumor cell death by blocking PARP enzyme activity and trapping PARP on the sites of DNA damage. Talazoparib is currently being evaluated in advanced gBRCA+ breast cancer as well as other cancer types with deficiencies in DNA damage repair (DDR). It is also being studied in DDR-deficient prostate cancer and in combination with immunotherapy in various tumor types. Talazoparib has not been approved by any regulatory authorities for the treatment of any disease.

VistaGen Therapeutics Expands Stem Cell Patent Portfolio with New U.S. Patent on Methods for Producing Blood Cells, Platelets and Bone Marrow Stem Cells with Potential to Treat Autoimmune Disorders and Cancer

On December 8, 2017 VistaGen Therapeutics Inc. (NASDAQ: VTGN), a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing new generation medicines for depression and other central nervous system (CNS) disorders, reported that the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) has issued U.S. Patent No. 9,834,754 related to methods for producing, from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), hematopoietic precursor stem cells, which are stem cells that give rise to all of the blood cells and most of the bone marrow cells in the body (Press release, VistaGen Therapeutics, DEC 8, 2017, View Source [SID1234522475]). VistaGen holds an exclusive license to this patent from the University Health Network (UHN).

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The technology covered by the issued U.S. patent has the potential to impact both direct and supportive therapy for autoimmune disorders and cancer, with CAR-T cell applications, and foundational technology which may provide approaches for producing bone marrow stem cells for bone marrow transfusions.

Dr. Gordon Keller, Director of the McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine in Toronto, one of the world’s leading centers for stem cell and regenerative medicine research and part of the University Health Network (UHN), discovered the stem cell technology covered by this patent.