The modified FACS calcein AM retention assay: a high throughput flow cytometer based method to measure cytotoxicity.

Current methods to determine cellular cytotoxicity in vitro are hampered by background signals that are caused by auto-fluorescent target and effector cells and by non-specific cell death. We combined and adjusted existing cell viability assays to develop a method that allows for highly reproducible, accurate, single cell analysis by high throughput FACS, in which non-specific cell death is corrected for. In this assay the number of living, calcein AM labeled cells that are green fluorescent are quantified by adding a fixed number of unlabeled calibration beads to the analysis. Using this modified FACS calcein AM retention method, we found EC50 values to be highly reproducible and considerably lower compared to EC50 values obtained by conventional assays, displaying the high sensitivity of this assay.
Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier B.V.

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p53: out of Africa.

Somatic mutations in the tumor suppressor gene p53 occur in more than half of all human cancers. Rare germline mutations result in the Li-Fraumeni cancer family syndrome. In this issue ofGenes&Development, Jennis and colleagues (pp. 918-930) use an elegant mouse model to examine the affect of a polymorphism, P47S (rs1800371), in the N terminus of p53 that is found in Africans as well as more than a million African Americans. Remarkably, the single nucleotide change causes the mice to be substantially tumor-prone compared with littermates, suggesting that this allele causes an increased risk of developing cancer. The defect in p53 function is traced to a restriction in downstream gene regulation that reduces cell death in response to stress.
© 2016 Lane; Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

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Economic Burden of Switching to a Non-Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitor Versus a Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitor Biologic Therapy among Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis.

The objective of this study was to examine healthcare resource utilization (HRU) and costs associated with switching to another tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitor (TNFi) therapy versus a non-TNFi therapy among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) discontinuing use of an initial TNFi biologic therapy.
Patients with ≥2 RA diagnoses who used ≥1 TNFi on or after their initial RA diagnosis were identified in a US employer-based insurance claims database. Patients were selected based on ≥1 claim of another TNFi or a non-TNFi biologic therapy (occurring after 2010, and within 30 days before to 60 days after discontinuation of the initial TNFi), and continuous insurance ≥6 months before (baseline period) and ≥12 months after the switch date (study period). Patient demographic and clinical characteristics were measured during the baseline period. All-cause and RA-related HRU and costs were analyzed during the 12-month study period using multivariable regression analysis controlling for baseline characteristics and selected comorbidities.
Of the 1577 patients with RA that switched therapies, 1169 patients used another TNFi and 408 patients used a non-TNFi biologic. The most commonly used initial TNFi treatments were etanercept (50%) and adalimumab (34%) among the TNFi cohort, and infliximab (39%) and etanercept (28%) among the non-TNFi cohort. The TNFi cohort had significantly fewer outpatient visits [all-cause: 23.01 vs. 29.77 visits/patient/year; adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.78, P < 0.001; RA-related: 7.42 vs. 13.58; adjusted IRR = 0.58, P < 0.001] and rheumatologist visits (all-cause: 4.01 vs. 6.81; adjusted IRR = 0.66, P < 0.001; RA-related: 3.23 vs. 6.40; adjusted IRR = 0.58, P < 0.001) than the non-TNFi cohort. All-cause total costs were significantly lower for patients who switched to another TNFi instead of a non-TNFi therapy ($36,932 vs. $44,566; adjusted difference = $7045, P < 0.01), as were total RA-related costs ($26,973 vs. $31,735; adjusted difference = $4904, P < 0.01).
Adult patients with RA discontinuing TNFi therapy who switched to an alternative TNFi incurred lower healthcare costs than patients who switched to a non-TNFi biologic.
AbbVie, Inc.

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Ignyta Announces Updated Data from Entrectinib Phase 1 Clinical Trials at the 2016 AACR Annual Meeting

On April 17, 2016 Ignyta, Inc. (Nasdaq: RXDX), a precision oncology biotechnology company, reported that updated results of its Phase 1 clinical trials of entrectinib, the company’s proprietary oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting solid tumors harboring activating alterations to NTRK1, NTRK2, NTRK3, ROS1 or ALK, were presented in an oral plenary session at the 2016 Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) (Free AACR Whitepaper) in New Orleans, Louisiana (Press release, Ignyta, APR 17, 2016, View Source [SID:1234510954]).

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"We continue to be excited by entrectinib’s ability to help patients with advanced cancer," said Jonathan Lim, M.D., Chairman and CEO of Ignyta. "With respect to efficacy, in the 25 patients in the Phase 1 trials who would meet the eligibility criteria for our Phase 2 clinical trial, we saw tumor regression in 20 patients, or 80%. Nineteen out of 24 patients with extracranial solid tumors had a confirmed RECIST response, representing a 79% overall response rate; and one patient with an astrocytoma had evidence of substantial tumor regression by volumetric measurement. These responses were observed in patients with each of NTRK, ROS1 and ALK rearrangements, and across six tumor histologies, including complete and/or durable responses in both primary and metastatic tumors of the central nervous system."

"With respect to safety, based upon a larger dataset of 119 patients, which included 45 patients treated at our Phase 2 dose of 600 mg continuous once daily dosing, we have been able to further substantiate entrectinib’s acceptable safety profile," continued Dr. Lim. "We have 19 patients who have been on study for longer than six months; of those, 11 patients have been on study for more than one year, including three patients for more than two years. We believe these data highlight the long-term tolerability and promising anti-tumor activity of entrectinib as we continue to enroll STARTRK-2, our ongoing, potentially registration-enabling Phase 2 clinical trial of entrectinib."

The Phase 1 clinical trials included the ALKA-372-001 study and the STARTRK-1 study, which is the first of the "Studies of Tumor Alterations Responsive to Targeting Receptor Kinases". Both trials were designed to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and/or recommended Phase 2 dose (RP2D), as well as preliminary anti-cancer activity, of single agent entrectinib in patients with solid tumors with the relevant target alterations: TrkA (encoded by NTRK1), ROS1 or ALK for ALKA-372-001 and TrkA/TrkB/TrkC (encoded by NTRK1/2/3), ROS1 or ALK for STARTRK-1.

The data cut-off for the AACR (Free AACR Whitepaper) presentation was March 7, 2016. Highlights of the data included:

Safety

A total of 119 patients with a range of solid tumors had been dosed across both clinical trials, with 45 patients treated at the RP2D of 600 mg, taken orally once per day (QD).

Entrectinib was well tolerated:

Across both studies, the most frequent (>10% incidence) treatment-related adverse events were fatigue (44%), dysgeusia (41%), paresthesia (28%), nausea (24%), and myalgia (22%).
The vast majority of treatment-related adverse events were Grade 1 or 2 in severity.
The most frequent (>2% incidence) Grade 3 treatment-related adverse events were fatigue (4%) and anemia (3%).
Adverse events were reversible with dose modification.
There was no evidence of cumulative toxicity, hepatic or renal toxicity, or QTc prolongation.
Efficacy

Across both studies, there were 25 patients treated who met the company’s Phase 2 clinical trial eligibility criteria, which include:

Presence of NTRK1/2/3, ROS1 or ALK gene rearrangements, as opposed to other types of molecular alterations (e.g., SNPs, amplifications, deletions);
ALK-inhibitor and/or ROS1-inhibitor naïve; and
Treatment at or above the RP2D.
Among the 25 patients treated who met the company’s Phase 2 clinical trial eligibility criteria, tumor regression was seen in 80% (20 out of 25 treated patients):

24 patients had tumors that were evaluable by RECIST criteria. The overall response rate was 79% (19 responses, including 2 complete responses, out of 24 treated patients, as assessed and confirmed by the clinical sites).
One patient had astrocytoma. Assessment by RECIST criteria demonstrated stable disease. However, since RECIST criteria are not validated for primary brain tumors, the clinical site performed three-dimensional volumetric analysis of this patient’s tumor to determine changes in tumor size, which resulted in an estimated 45% decrease in tumor size from baseline.
Many of these responses occurred rapidly, within the first four weeks of entrectinib treatment. Seventeen of the patients remained on study treatment, having received up to 27 months of treatment. Of note, three of four patients with primary or metastatic central nervous system (CNS) disease responded.

With respect to specific subsets of patients:

Trk patients

There were four patients included in the clinical studies with NTRK1/2/3 gene rearrangements that met the company’s Phase 2 eligibility criteria, including patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), colorectal cancer (CRC), salivary gland cancer and astrocytoma. All four of these patients demonstrated tumor regression (three confirmed responses by RECIST and one by volumetric assessment).

Two of these Trk patients remained on study, one of whom had been on study for longer than 12 months.

In addition, the company included in the AACR (Free AACR Whitepaper) presentation a case study of a 20-month old baby boy with NTRK3-rearranged infantile fibrosarcoma that had metastasized to the brain and who had exhausted all available therapies. The patient was first dosed in February 2016, and after five weeks of treatment experienced a decrease in his brain lesions of approximately 58%, as estimated from radiology assessment, with accompanying clinical improvement.

Three of these five patients with NTRK1/2/3 gene rearrangements had either primary or metastatic CNS disease, and all three demonstrated substantial CNS tumor regression, underscoring the importance of entrectinib’s CNS penetration and clinical activity for this patient population.

ROS1 patients

There were 14 patients included in the clinical studies with ROS1 gene rearrangements who met the company’s Phase 2 eligibility criteria, including 13 patients with NSCLC and one patient with malignant melanoma.

Eleven of the 13 patients with NSCLC and the patient with melanoma responded, including two complete responses. The resultant overall response rate for these ROS1 patients was 86%, and the response rate for the subset of patients with NSCLC was 85%.

Eleven of the ROS1 responders remained on study in response, with the longest at 27 months; one ROS1 NSCLC patient has met the criteria for RECIST progression but has remained on study due to clinical benefit.

ALK patients

There were seven patients included in the clinical studies with ALK gene rearrangements who met the company’s Phase 2 eligibility criteria, including four patients with NSCLC, one patient with CRC, one patient with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and one patient with a thoracic tumor of unknown primary.

Two of the four patients with NSCLC, the patient with CRC and the patient with RCC had clinical responses. Another NSCLC patient had stable disease. The resultant overall response rate for these ALK patients was 57%.

Two of the responders remained on study in response, as did the patient with stable disease.

On Monday, April 18, 2016, Ignyta will file a Form-8-K with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) containing the entrectinib Phase 1 materials presented at the 2016 AACR (Free AACR Whitepaper) annual meeting. The company’s SEC filings can be found on the company’s website at www.ignyta.com and on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.

Reception and Webcast Presentation

In addition, Ignyta announced that it will host a reception in New Orleans, Louisiana, on Tuesday, April 19, 2016, during the AACR (Free AACR Whitepaper) annual meeting.

At the reception, Ignyta’s management team will make a presentation relating to the clinical data and plans for further development of entrectinib, as well as an overview of the company’s other product candidates and highlights.

The presentation will take place at 7:00 PM, Central time. A live webcast of the event will be available in the Investors section of the company’s website at View Source, and will be archived and available at that site for 14 days.

The incidence of bone metastasis after early-stage breast cancer in Canada.

Current information on the incidence and prevalence of bone metastases in women with breast cancer is scarce. This study examined the occurrence and predictors of bone metastases, as well as post-metastasis survival in a prospective cohort of Canadian women with breast cancer. We included women treated for early-stage (stage I, II, or III) breast cancer at the Henrietta Banting Breast Centre (HBBC) in Toronto, Canada between 1987 and 2000. Data were abstracted from medical records and pathology reports in the HBBC database; follow-up extended to end of data availability or August 31, 2015. Actuarial survival analyses provided cumulative incidence of bone metastases at 5, 10, and 15 years after breast cancer diagnosis. Kaplan-Meier curves describe breast cancer mortality. Regression models assessed patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics as predictors of bone metastases with all-cause mortality as a competing risk. Among 2097 women studied, the 5-, 10-, and 15-year probability of bone metastasis was 6.5, 10.3, and 11.3 % for the first recurrence, and 8.4, 12.5, and 13.6 % for any bone recurrence. At median follow-up (12.5 years), 13.2 % of patients had bone metastases. Median survival was 1.6 years following bone metastasis, and shorter if both bone and visceral metastases occurred. Advanced age and adjuvant treatment with tamoxifen were protective against bone metastasis. In this representative cohort of women diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer in Ontario, Canada, with long follow-up, the incidence of bone metastases was consistent with longitudinal studies from the United Kingdom, Denmark, and the US.

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