On April 18, 2018 Heat Biologics, Inc. (NASDAQ: HTBX), a biopharmaceutical company developing drugs designed to activate a patient’s immune system against cancer, reported an upcoming clinical milestones for HS-110 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), its ComPACT platform, as well its Pelican subsidiary’s co-stimulator antibody, PTX-35 (Press release, Heat Biologics, APR 18, 2018, View Source [SID1234525496]).

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Anticipated Phase 2 NSCLC milestones include an interim data readout in Q4 2018 and a final Phase 2 data readout in Q2 2019, followed by a Phase 3-ready NSCLC program in Q3 2019. Expected PTX-35 milestones include receipt of $6.9 million in CPRIT grant funds to support the enrollment of the first patient in a Phase 1 clinical trial in Q1 2019 and an interim data readout in Q3 2019. Additionally, Heat plans on enrolling its first patient in its ComPACT trial in Q4 2018 and anticipates an interim data readout in Q2 2019.

Jeff Wolf, Heat’s CEO, commented, "The next four quarters are shaping up to be very exciting, with events that we believe will be transformational for our company. Earlier this year we reported positive interim results from the Phase 2 study investigating HS-110 in combination with Bristol-Myers Squibb’s anti-PD-1 checkpoint inhibitor, nivolumab (Opdivo), in patients with advanced NSCLC. We observed some potentially very exciting data with this combination that points to the opportunity to use this combined therapy in a very underserved population of NSCLC patients."

"Given all the recent progress, I am pleased to announce these upcoming milestones for the next 4 quarters. Importantly, we believe each of these milestones will help drive shareholder value. At the same time, we are witnessing advancements in the immuno-oncology landscape that are resulting in a growing interest in our technology across the industry, and, hence, we strongly believe our assets will play an important role in the future of combination immunotherapies."

Anticipated milestones:

Q3 2018:

Receive $6.9M in CPRIT (Cancer Prevention Research Institute of Texas) grant funds
Q4 2018:

Interim Phase 2 NSCLC data readout
IND filing for first ComPACT trial
Enroll first patient in ComPACT trial
Q1 2019:

PTX-35 IND filing
Enroll first patient in PTX-35 trial
Q2 2019:

Complete enrollment in Phase 2 NSCLC trial
Phase 2 NSCLC data readout
Interim ComPACT data readout
Q3 2019:

Interim PTX-35 data readout

On April 18, 2018 Xencor, Inc. (NASDAQ: XNCR), a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company developing engineered monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, asthma and allergic diseases and cancer, reported that preclinical data on XmAb24306, an IL15/IL15-receptor alpha complex fused to a bispecific XmAb Fc domain (IL15/IL15Rα-Fc) for the treatment of multiple oncology indications (Press release, Xencor, APR 18, 2018, View Source [SID1234525514]). Data show that the engineered complex enhanced the duration and magnitude of T and NK cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. XmAb24306 is designed for reduced potency and extended half-life, and exhibited a steady, tolerable and sustained increase in T-cells in primates.

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Key findings from the study presented today at the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) (Free AACR Whitepaper) 2018 Annual Meeting include:

Fusing IL15/IL15Rα with Xencor’s highly stable heterodimer Fc platform and Xtend Fc domain creates a long-acting CD122 agonist, without targeting CD25
Potency reduction of the complex promotes improved exposure and sustained pharmacodynamics
Preserves native CD122/CD132 signaling despite potency reduction
Marked and sustained peripheral NK and T cell expansion at well-tolerated doses
"The plug and play nature of our XmAb technology provides tremendous opportunity to build a suite of tumor microenvironment activators with tunable potency and sustained activity, which have the potential for improved performance over current approaches," said Bassil Dahiyat, president and chief executive officer of Xencor. "With the IL15/IL15Rα-Fc platform, we have an engine to develop these candidates quickly, and are on track to file an IND for XmAb24306 in 2019."

XmAb24306 is the first of a suite of tumor microenvironment activators using the IL15 bispecific platform. Additional IL15 bispecific candidates, which target specific sub-populations of T cells, in preclinical development include:

A PD1 targeted IL15/IL15Rα (PD1 x IL15) candidate to promote selective expansion and activation of exhausted T cells
Additional targeted IL15/IL15Rα candidates
About XmAb IL15 Bispecific Platform

Xencor’s XmAb IL15 bispecific antibody platform provides a more druggable version of IL15 with reduced potency to improve tolerability, slow receptor-mediated clearance, and prolong half-life. IL15 is an extremely potent cytokine that stimulates the proliferation of lymphocytes, however its potential as a therapeutic has been limited by low tolerability and very fast clearance that limits therapeutic window. IL15 naturally targets CD122 without targeting CD25. Xencor has engineered the IL15/IL15Rα-Fc complex to create lead candidate XmAb24306 and to provide a basis for rapid generation of targeted T-cell activators. These Fc-fusions have been tuned for enhanced in vivo lymphocyte proliferation as a result of more sustained exposure.

On April 17, 2018 NewLink Genetics Corporation (NASDAQ:NLNK) reported that it presented a poster entitled "Indoximod modulates AhR-driven transcription of genes that control immune function" in the Immunomodulatory Agents and Interventions session at the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) (Free AACR Whitepaper) 2018 Annual Meeting in Chicago (Press release, NewLink Genetics, APR 17, 2018, View Source [SID1234525425]).

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"The data demonstrate that indoximod has a unique mechanism of action, remarkably differentiated from IDO enzymatic inhibitors. This different mechanism may contribute to antitumor immune responses in the IDO pathway and through activity independent of IDO," said Charles J. Link, Jr., M.D., Chairman and Chief Executive Officer.

The data suggest that indoximod regulates the differentiation of helper T cells toward an immuno-stimulatory helper function and downregulates genes that control the differentiation of T cells into immuno-suppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) in an AhR dependent manner. This leads to an increase in the ratio of helper T cells to Tregs. Additionally, it was shown that indoximod reduces the level of IDO protein in dendritic cells in vitro, leading to increased stimulation of CD8 T cell proliferation and reduced production of kynurenine. Moreover, indoximod stimulation of mTOR in T cells appears to increase the proliferation of effector T cells in an IDO and TDO-independent manner. Through this mechanism, indoximod may be able overcome the effects of Trp degradation mediated by both IDO and TDO. Thus, in addition to opposing immunosuppression mediated by the IDO pathway, indoximod may drive antitumor immune responses independent from IDO.

In summary, indoximod has immunostimulatory effects involving 4 main cell types: CD8+ T cells, T helper cells, T regulatory cells, and dendritic cells. Indoximod appears to function through three main mechanisms to inhibit the IDO pathway:

Reversing the effects of low tryptophan by increasing proliferation of effector T cells

Increasing the ratio of T helper to T regulatory cells by both favoring differentiation of activated CD4 T cells into helper T cells and directly reprogramming T regulatory cells into helper T cells

Downregulating IDO expression in dendritic cells

About Indoximod

Indoximod is an investigational, orally available small molecule targeting the IDO pathway. The IDO pathway is a key immuno-oncology target involved in regulating the tumor microenvironment and immune escape. Indoximod is being evaluated in combination with treatment regimens including anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents, cancer vaccines, radiation and chemotherapy across solid and liquid tumors.

On April 17, 2018 VBI Vaccines Inc. (Nasdaq: VBIV) ("VBI"), a commercial-stage biopharmaceutical company developing next-generation infectious disease and immuno-oncology vaccines, reported that, upon review of all safety data from the fully enrolled, low-dose patient cohort of the ongoing Phase 1/2a clinical study of VBI-1901 in recurrent Glioblastoma (GBM), the independent Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) unanimously recommended the continuation of the study without modification (Press release, VBI Vaccines, APR 17, 2018, View Source [SID1234525443]).

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Following this recommendation, VBI has initiated enrollment in the intermediate-dose arm of the dose-escalation phase of this study. Two additional, pre-specified DSMB reviews will occur after the completion of enrollment in the intermediate-dose study arm and the high-dose study arm, respectively.
"We are encouraged by the safety profile of this candidate so far and are excited to continue enrollment in the intermediate dose cohort of this Phase 1/2a study, our first clinical study in immuno-oncology," said Jeff Baxter, VBI’s president and CEO. "In recurrent GBM, a devastating CMV-associated tumor, patients have few effective treatment options, and we believe that VBI-1901 has the potential to stimulate immune responses critical to boosting anti-tumor immunity."

About the Phase 1/2a Study Design
VBI’s two-part Phase 1/2a study is a multi-center, open-label, dose-escalation study of VBI-1901 in approximately 28 patients with recurrent GBM:

Part A: Dose-escalation phase to define the safety, tolerability, and optimal dose level of VBI-1901 in recurrent GBM patients. This phase is expected to enroll up to 18 patients in three dose cohorts.

Part B: A subsequent extension of the optimal dose level, as defined in the dose escalation phase. This phase is expected to enroll an expanded cohort of approximately 10 additional patients.
VBI-1901 is administered intradermally and is adjuvanted with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a potent adjuvant that mobilizes dendritic cell function. Patients in both phases of the study will receive vaccine every four weeks until tumor progression.
Additional information, including a detailed description of the study design, eligibility criteria, and investigator sites, is available at ClinicalTrials.gov using identifier NCT03382977.
About VBI-1901 and GBM
VBI-1901 is a novel immunotherapy developed using VBI’s eVLP technology to target two highly immunogenic cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigens, gB and pp65. Scientific literature suggests CMV infection is prevalent in multiple solid tumors, and recent research has demonstrated that an anti-CMV dendritic cell vaccination regimen may extend overall survival in patients with GBM. Additionally, recent preclinical studies confirmed that VBI-1901 may be a potent, "off-the-shelf" therapeutic vaccine.
Glioblastoma is among the most common and aggressive malignant primary brain tumors in humans. In the U.S. alone, 12,000 new cases are diagnosed each year. The current standard of care for treating GBM is surgical resection, followed by radiation and chemotherapy. Even with aggressive treatment, GBM progresses rapidly and is exceptionally lethal, with median patient survival of less than 16 months.

On April 17, 2018 Euronext Paris: FR0010331421 – IPH) reported that new preclinical data of the Company’s broad and innovative portfolio of next generation immunotherapies have been presented at the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) (Free AACR Whitepaper) Annual Meeting, April 14-18, in Chicago (Press release, Innate Pharma, APR 17, 2018, View Source [SID1234525405]).

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Eric Vivier, Chief Scientific Officer of Innate Pharma, said: "Innate Pharma has always been driven by innovation and we are very proud to present new preclinical data from our broad and innovative portfolio of next generation immunotherapies. These data not only underpin our ongoing clinical program but also highlight the next wave of immunotherapies in cancer."

Innate Pharma has presented four posters featuring new preclinical data at the Immune Checkpoints sessions on 16 April.

Monalizumab in combination with cetuximab:
Data (ID: 1690) demonstrates that squamous cell carcinoma of the head & neck (SCCHN) tumor cells are infiltrated by NK and CD8+ T cells expressing CD94/NKG2A and that these cancer cells express the natural ligand of NKG2A, HLA-E. Blockade of NKG2A potentiated cetuximab induced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) towards SCCHN cell lines. Overall, the data support the Company’s ongoing Phase I/II trial for the combination of monalizumab and cetuximab in recurrent and/or metastatic SCCHN for which first clinical activity data will be presented today at 1:00 PM Chicago time during the "Phase I/II, II, and III Trials in Progress" poster session.

Monalizumab in combination with durvalumab:
New preclinical data (ID: 2714) suggest the combination of monalizumab and durvalumab is a potent immunotherapy for solid tumors. Tumor infiltrating NK and CD8+ T cells expressing NKG2A and/or PD-1 are present in several cancer types.

Blocking both NKG2A/HLA-E and PD-1/PD-L1 pathways enhanced anti-tumor responses of NK and CD8+ T cells in vitro and in vivo in mice. Taken together, these data support the rationale for ongoing clinical trials investigating the monalizumab/durvalumab combination in various solid tumors
.
IPH52 and IPH53, targeting the adenosine pathway:
Additionally, preclinical data (ID: 2718) support the development of anti-CD39 (IPH52) and anti-CD73 (IPH53) neutralizing antibodies targeting the ATP/Adenosine immune checkpoint pathway for cancer immunotherapy, potentially in combination with chemotherapy or immune checkpoint blockade.
These antibodies potently inhibit the enzymatic activity of both the soluble and membrane-associated forms of their respective target enzymes. In vitro, both antibodies efficiently reverse adenosine-mediated T cell suppression in the presence of ATP. IPH52, a first-in-class CD39 blocking antibody, sustains high concentrations of extracellular ATP that promotes immune responses by enhancing dendritic cell (DC) activation and subsequent T cell proliferation. IPH53 is more potent in vitro than benchmark anti-CD73 antibodies currently under clinical development. Additionally, combining IPH52 and IPH53 lead to a strong reversion of immune cell inhibition in the presence of ATP. Humanized IPH52 and IPH53 are currently in preclinical development.

Siglec-9, a new checkpoint for cancer immunotherapy:
In another highlight, preclinical findings (ID: 2713) for a first-in-class antibody program targeting Siglec-9 were presented. Siglecs comprise a family of 15 members of sialic acid-binding receptors. Siglec-9 is an inhibitory receptor of the family that is expressed on a broad range of immune cells of both lymphoid and myeloid origin. Siglec-9 can interact with sialic acids expressed by tumors, leading to dampened immune cell functions. Thus, Siglec-9-sialic acid interaction disruption may promote anti-tumor immunity.
Data show that antibodies against Siglec-9 generated by Innate Pharma enhance NK cell cytotoxicity. This anti-tumor response is improved by the blockade of the immune checkpoint NKG2A. Further, data demonstrate that Siglec-9 is highly expressed on tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells and upregulated on T cells in cancer, suggesting a potential additional role as an inhibitory checkpoint agent.