On January 14, 2016 FUJIFILM Corporation reported that it has begun a Phase I clinical trial of its anti-cancer agent FF-21101 in the United States in patients with advanced solid tumors such as lung cancers in 12 January (Press release, Fujifilm, JAN 14, 2016, View Source [SID:1234508794]). The trial is carried out at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center*, one of the world’s most distinguished facilities for cancer research and treatment.

Schedule your 30 min Free 1stOncology Demo!
Discover why more than 1,500 members use 1stOncology™ to excel in:

Early/Late Stage Pipeline Development - Target Scouting - Clinical Biomarkers - Indication Selection & Expansion - BD&L Contacts - Conference Reports - Combinatorial Drug Settings - Companion Diagnostics - Drug Repositioning - First-in-class Analysis - Competitive Analysis - Deals & Licensing

                  Schedule Your 30 min Free Demo!

FF-21101 is an anti-cancer agent using a radioisotope labeled antibody (armed antibody**), with a different mechanism of action from a regular antibody. A regular antibody drug binds to specific proteins that express on the surface of cancer cells and induces the immune function to attack targeted cells. This type of drugs is less effective on patients with a compromised immune system. FF-21101, on the other hand, accumulates radiolabeled antibodies on cancer cells, and uses radiation emitted by the radioisotope to directly attack cancer cells. This is why it is expected to have a higher level of efficacy, regardless of the state of patients’ immune system. FF-21101 uses antibodies that target P-cadherin***, which is over-expressed on the surface of solid cancer cells, and accumulated in lung cancer cells, pancreatic cancer cells, etc. In animal testing using mice, it has already demonstrated a high efficacy in shrinking tumors in tissues.

Fujifilm has organized the technologies of Group companies to develop FF-21101. The bio-venture, Perseus Proteomics, has contributed to drug-discovery for the antibody, while the biopharmaceutical contract manufacturer, Fujifilm Diosynth Biotechnologies, has taken charge of antibody production. The radiopharmaceutical company, Fujifilm RI Pharma, offered its technology for developing the diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals.

MD Anderson is one of the world’s top general cancer centers with over 10,000 patients on therapeutic clinical trials each year and some 20,000 employees. Fujifilm is to utilize the world’s top-level clinical testing functions available at the MD Anderson to rapidly and seamlessly carry out Phase I clinical trial to gain safety and preliminary proof of activity in cancer patients at an early stage. The clinical program will be conducted in an effort to further accelerate the development of FF-21101.

Fujifilm is defining oncology as its focal area and promoting the R&D of new drugs. The Phase I clinical trial of another anti-cancer agent FF-10501 at MD Anderson have revealed that to date FF-10501 has been well tolerated in relapsed or refractory patients with blood cancer, and showed efficacy in some of the patients.

Fujifilm is working on the R&D of innovative pharmaceutical products and creation of their production processes by combining the technologies and know-how accumulated in the photographic film business including analysis technology, nanotechnology, and production technology, with the technological expertise of its core pharmaceutical affiliates such as Toyama Chemical. Defining "oncology", a field with numerous unmet medical needs as its focal area, the company will actively promote R&D to expand business deployment and supply innovative pharmaceutical products so as to contribute to resolving challenges social issues.

On January 14, 2016 Geron Corporation (Nasdaq:GERN) reported the dosing of the first patient in a Phase 2/3 clinical trial to evaluate imetelstat in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) (Press release, Geron, JAN 14, 2016, View Source [SID:1234508792]). This clinical trial, also referred to as the IMergeTM study, is being conducted by Janssen Research & Development, LLC, and is the second study to be initiated under the terms of the exclusive worldwide imetelstat license and collaboration agreement between Geron and Janssen Biotech, Inc. (Janssen).

Schedule your 30 min Free 1stOncology Demo!
Discover why more than 1,500 members use 1stOncology™ to excel in:

Early/Late Stage Pipeline Development - Target Scouting - Clinical Biomarkers - Indication Selection & Expansion - BD&L Contacts - Conference Reports - Combinatorial Drug Settings - Companion Diagnostics - Drug Repositioning - First-in-class Analysis - Competitive Analysis - Deals & Licensing

                  Schedule Your 30 min Free Demo!

Phase 2/3 Clinical Trial Design

The purpose of the Phase 2/3 clinical trial is to evaluate imetelstat in transfusion dependent patients with International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) Low or Intermediate-1 risk MDS who have relapsed after or are refractory to prior treatment with an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA).

As designed, the trial consists of two parts, and a total of approximately 200 patients are expected to be enrolled. Part 1 of the trial is planned as a Phase 2, open-label, single-arm design to assess the efficacy and safety of imetelstat. Up to 30 patients are expected to be enrolled in Part 1, all of whom will receive imetelstat and be followed for safety, hematologic improvement and reduction in transfusion requirement. Before proceeding to Part 2, the data from Part 1 must support a positive assessment of the benefit/risk profile of imetelstat in these patients. Part 2 of the trial is planned as a Phase 3 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design to compare the efficacy of imetelstat against placebo. Approximately 170 patients are expected to be enrolled in Part 2, who will be assigned randomly, in a 2:1 ratio, to receive either imetelstat or placebo. The inclusion criteria for both parts of the trial require that at the time of enrollment each patient must be red blood cell transfusion-dependent. Imetelstat (or placebo in Part 2) will be administered as an intravenous infusion. The starting dose will be 7.5 mg/kg every 4 weeks and may be escalated according to certain protocol-specified conditions. Dose reductions for adverse events may follow protocol-specified algorithms. All patients may receive supportive care, including transfusions or myeloid growth factors, as needed per investigator discretion and according to local standard practices.

The primary efficacy endpoint is designed to be the rate of red blood cell transfusion-independence lasting at least 8 weeks, defined as the proportion of patients without any red blood cell transfusion during any consecutive 8 weeks since entry to the trial. A primary efficacy analysis is planned to occur 12 months after the last patient is enrolled.

Secondary efficacy endpoints in the trial include the proportion of patients achieving red blood cell transfusion-independence lasting at least 24 weeks, the time to and duration of red blood cell transfusion-independence, the proportion of patients achieving hematologic improvement, the proportion of patients achieving complete remission (CR) or partial remission (PR) per 2006 International Working Group (IWG) criteria for MDS, the proportion of patients requiring red blood cell transfusions and the amount, the proportion of patients requiring the use of myeloid growth factors and the dose, as well as assessments of the change in the patients’ quality of life using several different validated instruments. Patients are also planned to be followed for an assessment of overall survival and time to progression to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). These secondary endpoints are expected to be assessed at the time of the primary efficacy analysis.

Safety outcomes will be monitored throughout the trial and will include enhanced data collection and reporting for adverse events of interest, including hepatobiliary-associated laboratory findings and hepatic adverse events.

Multiple medical centers across North and South America, Europe and Asia are planned to participate in the trial. For more information about the IMergeTM study being conducted by Janssen, please visit View Source

Orphan Drug Designation

On December 23, 2015, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), granted orphan drug designation to imetelstat for the treatment of MDS. The FDA has previously granted orphan drug designation to imetelstat for the treatment of myelofibrosis (MF). Orphan drug designation is granted by the FDA’s Office of Orphan Drug Products in order to support development of medicines for underserved or rare diseases and patient populations that affect fewer than 200,000 people in the United States. Orphan drug designation qualifies the sponsor of the drug for various development incentives of the ODA, including, if regulatory approval is received, seven years of market exclusivity with certain limited exceptions, exemption from FDA application fees, and certain tax credits for qualified clinical testing. The granting of orphan drug designation does not alter the standard regulatory requirements and process for obtaining marketing approval. The safety and effectiveness of a drug must be established through adequate and well-controlled studies. Orphan drug exclusivity does not prevent the FDA from approving a different drug for the same disease or condition, or the same drug for a different disease or condition.

About MDS

The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of blood disorders that arise from the proliferation of malignant progenitor cell clones in the bone marrow resulting in disordered and ineffective production of the myeloid lineage, which includes red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. In MDS, bone marrow and peripheral blood cells may have abnormal, or dysplastic, cell morphology. MDS is frequently characterized clinically by severe anemia (low red cell counts and low hemoglobin). In addition, other peripheral cytopenias, or low numbers of white blood cells and platelets, may cause life-threatening infections and bleeding. Transformation to secondary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) occurs in up to 30% of MDS cases and results in poorer overall survival.

MDS is the most common of the myeloid malignancies. There are approximately 12,000 reported new cases in the US every year and approximately 60,000 people living with the disease. MDS is primarily a disease of the elderly, with median age at diagnosis around 70 years. The majority of patients, approximately 70%, fall into what are considered to be the lower risk groups at diagnosis, according to the IPSS that takes into account the presence of a number of disease factors, such as cytopenias and cytogenetics to assign relative risk of progression to AML and overall survival.

When initially diagnosed with MDS, approximately 80% of patients have anemia, and chronic anemia is the predominant clinical problem in lower risk disease. Many of these patients become dependent on red blood cell transfusions, which can lead to elevated levels of iron in the blood and other tissues that the body has no normal way to eliminate. Iron overload is a potentially dangerous condition. Studies in patients with MDS have shown that iron overload resulting from regular red blood cell transfusions is associated with a poorer overall survival and a higher risk of developing AML.

About Imetelstat

Imetelstat (GRN163L; JNJ-63935937) is a potent and specific inhibitor of telomerase that is administered by intravenous infusion. This first-in-class compound, discovered by Geron, is a specially designed and modified short oligonucleotide, which targets and binds directly with high affinity to the active site of telomerase. Preliminary clinical data suggest imetelstat has disease-modifying activity by inhibiting the progenitor cells of the malignant clone associated with hematologic malignancies in a relatively select manner. Most commonly reported adverse events in imetelstat clinical studies conducted to date include fatigue, gastrointestinal symptoms and cytopenias. Patients in these studies also experienced elevated liver enzymes, which resolved to normal or baseline in the majority of patients followed after imetelstat treatment was withdrawn. Imetelstat has not been approved for marketing by any regulatory authority.

About the Collaboration with Janssen

On November 13, 2014, Geron entered into an exclusive worldwide license and collaboration agreement with Janssen to develop and commercialize imetelstat for oncology, including hematologic myeloid malignancies, and all other human therapeutics uses. Under the terms of the agreement, Geron received an upfront payment of $35 million and is eligible to receive additional payments up to a potential total of $900 million for the achievement of development, regulatory and commercial milestones, as well as royalties on worldwide net sales. Certain regulatory, development, manufacturing and promotional activities are being managed through a joint governance structure, with Janssen responsible for these activities.

On January 13, 2016 Medivation, Inc. (NASDAQ: MDVN) and Astellas US LLC, a subsidiary of Tokyo-based Astellas Pharma Inc. (TSE: 4503), reported that results from the Phase 2 TERRAIN trial of enzalutamide compared to bicalutamide in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) were published in the Lancet Oncology (Press release, Medivation, JAN 13, 2016, View Source [SID:1234508790]). The article, titled, "Efficacy and Safety of enzalutamide Versus bicalutamide for Patients with Metastatic Prostate Cancer (TERRAIN)," appears in the January 13th online issue and will be published in a future print issue of the journal.

Schedule your 30 min Free 1stOncology Demo!
Discover why more than 1,500 members use 1stOncology™ to excel in:

Early/Late Stage Pipeline Development - Target Scouting - Clinical Biomarkers - Indication Selection & Expansion - BD&L Contacts - Conference Reports - Combinatorial Drug Settings - Companion Diagnostics - Drug Repositioning - First-in-class Analysis - Competitive Analysis - Deals & Licensing

                  Schedule Your 30 min Free Demo!

The TERRAIN study achieved its primary endpoint demonstrating a statistically significant increase in progression-free survival (PFS) for enzalutamide compared to bicalutamide (Hazard Ratio = 0.44; 95% Confidence Interval, 0.34-0.57; p < 0.0001). Median PFS, defined as time from randomization to centrally confirmed radiographic progression, skeletal-related event, initiation of new anti-neoplastic therapy or death, whichever occurred first, was 15.7 months in the enzalutamide group compared to 5.8 months in the bicalutamide group. The observed adverse event profile of enzalutamide in TERRAIN appeared consistent with that from Phase 3 enzalutamide trials.

"TERRAIN is the first and largest head-to-head trial comparing enzalutamide with bicalutamide that evaluated both the efficacy and safety of these agents in the treatment of men with mCRPC," said Claire Thom, Pharm D., senior vice president and oncology therapeutic head, Astellas. "We are pleased Lancet Oncology has chosen to publish these results."

The median time on treatment in TERRAIN was 11.7 months in the enzalutamide group versus 5.8 months in the bicalutamide group. Serious adverse events were reported in 31.1% of enzalutamide-treated patients and 23.3% of bicalutamide-treated patients. Individual Grade 3 or higher adverse events largely occurred at a similar rate ( < 1% difference) between treatment groups, with the exception of hypertension (7.1% vs. 4.2%) and back pain (2.7% vs. 1.6%), which occurred more frequently in the enzalutamide treatment group. Grade 3 or higher cardiac events were reported in 5.5% of enzalutamide-treated patients versus 2.1% of bicalutamide-treated patients. Two seizures were reported in the enzalutamide group and one in the bicalutamide group. The most common side effects occurring during treatment and more common in the enzalutamide-treated versus bicalutamide-treated patients included fatigue, back pain, hot flush, hypertension, diarrhea, weight decreased and pain in extremity.

About the TERRAIN trial
The Phase 2 TERRAIN trial enrolled 375 patients in North America and Europe. The trial enrolled patients with metastatic prostate cancer whose disease progressed despite treatment with a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) analogue therapy or following surgical castration. The primary endpoint of the trial was PFS, defined as time from randomization to centrally confirmed radiographic progression, skeletal-related event, initiation of new anti-neoplastic therapy or death, whichever occurred first. The trial was designed to evaluate enzalutamide at a dose of 160 mg taken orally once daily versus bicalutamide at a dose of 50 mg taken once daily, the approved dose in combination with an LHRH analogue.

About XTANDI (enzalutamide) capsules
XTANDI is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC).

Enzalutamide Mechanism of Action
Enzalutamide is an androgen receptor inhibitor that acts on multiple steps in the androgen receptor signaling pathway within the tumor cell. In preclinical studies, enzalutamide has been shown to competitively inhibit androgen binding to androgen receptors, and inhibit androgen receptor nuclear translocation and interaction with DNA.

Important Safety Information
Contraindications XTANDI is not indicated for women and is contraindicated in women who are or may become pregnant. XTANDI can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman.

Warnings and Precautions
Seizure In Study 1, conducted in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) who previously received docetaxel, seizure occurred in 0.9% of XTANDI patients and 0% of placebo patients. In Study 2, conducted in patients with chemotherapy-naive metastatic CRPC, seizure occurred in 0.1% of XTANDI patients and 0.1% of placebo patients. There is no clinical trial experience re- administering XTANDI to patients who experienced a seizure, and limited safety data are available in patients with predisposing factors for seizure. Study 1 excluded the use of concomitant medications that may lower threshold; Study 2 permitted the use of these medications. Because of the risk of seizure associated with XTANDI use, patients should be advised of the risk of engaging in any activity during which sudden loss of consciousness could cause serious harm to themselves or others. Permanently discontinue XTANDI in patients who develop a seizure during treatment.

Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) In post approval use, there have been reports of PRES in patients receiving XTANDI. PRES is a neurological disorder which can present with rapidly evolving symptoms including seizure, headache, lethargy, confusion, blindness, and other visual and neurological disturbances, with or without associated hypertension. A diagnosis of PRES requires confirmation by brain imaging, preferably MRI. Discontinue XTANDI in patients who develop PRES.

Adverse Reactions
The most common adverse reactions ( ≥ 10%) reported from two combined clinical studies that occurred more commonly ( ≥ 2% over placebo) in XTANDI patients were asthenia/fatigue, back pain, decreased appetite, constipation, arthralgia, diarrhea, hot flush, upper respiratory tract infection, peripheral edema, dyspnea, musculoskeletal pain, weight decreased, headache, hypertension, and dizziness/vertigo.

In Study 1, Grade 3 and higher adverse reactions were reported among 47% of XTANDI patients and 53% of placebo patients. Discontinuations due to adverse events were reported for 16% of XTANDI patients and 18% of placebo patients. In Study 2, Grade 3-4 adverse reactions were reported in 44% of XTANDI patients and 37% of placebo patients. Discontinuations due to adverse events were reported for 6% of both study groups.

Lab Abnormalities: Grade 1-4 neutropenia occurred in 15% of XTANDI patients (1% Grade 3-4) and 6% of placebo patients (0.5% Grade 3-4). Grade 1-4 thrombocytopenia occurred in 6% of XTANDI patients (0.3% Grade 3-4) and 5% of placebo patients (0.5% Grade 3-4). Grade 1-4 elevations in ALT occurred in 10% of XTANDI patients (0.2% Grade 3-4) and 16% of placebo patients (0.2% Grade 3-4). Grade 1-4 elevations in bilirubin occurred in 3% of XTANDI patients (0.1% Grade 3-4) and 2% of placebo patients (no Grade 3-4).

Infections: In Study 1, 1% of XTANDI patients compared to 0.3% of placebo patients died from infections or sepsis. In Study 2, 1 patient in each treatment group (0.1%) had an infection resulting in death.

Falls (including fall-related injuries), occurred in 9% of XTANDI patients and 4% of placebo patients. Falls were not associated with loss of consciousness or seizure. Fall-related injuries were more severe in XTANDI patients, and included non-pathologic fractures, joint injuries, and hematomas.

Hypertension occurred in 11% of XTANDI patients and 4% of placebo patients. No patients experienced hypertensive crisis. Medical history of hypertension was balanced between arms. Hypertension led to study discontinuation in < 1% of all patients.

Drug Interactions
Effect of Other Drugs on XTANDI Avoid strong CYP2C8 inhibitors, as they can increase the plasma exposure to XTANDI. If co-administration is necessary, reduce the dose of XTANDI. Avoid strong CYP3A4 inducers as they can decrease the plasma exposure to XTANDI. If co-administration is necessary, increase the dose of XTANDI.

Effect of XTANDI on Other Drugs Avoid CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 substrates with a narrow therapeutic index, as XTANDI may decrease the plasma exposures of these drugs. If XTANDI is co-administered with warfarin (CYP2C9 substrate), conduct additional INR monitoring.

For Full Prescribing Information for XTANDI (enzalutamide) capsules, please visit www.XtandiHCP.com