On April 29, 2020 ECOG-ACRIN reported that Patients with untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or small lymphocytic lymphoma now have a new treatment option—a combination of the targeted agent ibrutinib with the immunologic agent rituximab (Press release, ECOG-ACRIN, APR 29, 2020, View Source [SID1234556809]). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the combination based on data from E1912, a phase 3 trial developed and led by the ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group (ECOG-ACRIN). The E1912 study showed that the ibrutinib-rituximab combination not only provided better leukemia control, it also prolonged life and had fewer side effects when compared with the standard chemotherapy/immunotherapy of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab (FCR). The E1912 trial was sponsored by the National Cancer Institute (NCI), part of the National Institutes of Health. The importance of these findings is reinforced by the breadth of participation of academic and community institutions that together completed this innovative study.
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peter odwyer"Elimination of chemotherapy from the initial therapy of these common forms of leukemia is a major step in the development of more specific treatments for cancer," said ECOG-ACRIN Group Co-Chair Peter J. O’Dwyer, MD (pictured at left), a medical oncologist at the University of Pennsylvania. "The E1912 trial emphasizes the advances for patients that are powered by Cooperative Group research."
CLL is one of the most common types of leukemia in adults. It typically occurs during or after middle age and rarely occurs in individuals under the age of 40. Ibrutinib (Imbruvica, Pharmacyclics, an AbbVie company/Janssen) is a Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor that interferes with the survival of lymphocytic leukemia cells. Rituximab (Rituxan, Roche/Genentech, and generics) enhances the ability of the body’s immune system to destroy the cells. The FDA had previously approved ibrutinib as monotherapy, in combination with obinutuzumab, or in combination with bendamustine and rituximab (BR) for patients with CLL.
In addition to ECOG-ACRIN, the E1912 trial represents a collaboration with the Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, NRG Oncology, and SWOG cooperative groups in the NCI’s National Clinical Trials Network. These groups participated in the design and conduct of the trial and supported the enrollment and treatment of the 529 patients.
mark-litzow"The E1912 study demonstrates the power of the National Clinical Trials Network to conduct practice-changing clinical trials that improve survival and lessen toxicity in patients with CLL, and will allow hematologists and oncologists to take advantage of the power of targeted agents and minimize the use of toxic chemotherapy," said ECOG-ACRIN Leukemia Committee Chair Mark R. Litzow, MD (pictured at left), a hematologist at the Mayo Clinic and senior investigator on the E1912 trial.
In December 2018, the results of the first interim analysis of E1912 were presented at the American Society of Hematology (ASH) (Free ASH Whitepaper) annual meeting after the data and safety monitoring board overseeing the trial recommended the information be released immediately given its significance to public health. Lead investigator Tait D. Shanafelt, MD, of Stanford University (pictured at left) reported that the combination of ibrutinib plus rituximab was superior to standard treatment for patients age 70 and younger with previously untreated CLL.
This was the first time any BTK inhibitor, in this case, an ibrutinib-based treatment approach, had been compared with the most effective standard treatment for CLL patients.
The trial met its primary endpoint of an improvement in progression-free survival (the length of time patients live before their disease worsens). The combination also improved overall survival, the trial’s secondary endpoint. In general, patients in the ibrutinib-rituximab arm were less likely to experience serious side effects than those in the standard treatment arm.
The New England Journal of Medicine published final results in August 2019. Those results reported a two-thirds reduction in the risk of disease progression and less toxicity from therapy with ibrutinib plus rituximab compared to standard FCR.
Dr. Shanafelt presented results from an extended follow-up analysis of patients in E1912 at the ASH (Free ASH Whitepaper) annual meeting in December 2019. The analysis provided new safety and efficacy information on the patients in E1912 who completed six months of combined ibrutinib plus rituximab therapy and continued to receive ibrutinib alone for as long as it remained effective. The analysis, based on a median follow-up of 48 months, reported that 73% of patients in the ibrutinib plus rituximab treatment arm remained on ibrutinib. At the time of that report, the median time on treatment was 43 months (range of 0.2 to 61 months). The median time to progression or death after discontinuing ibrutinib was 23 months. Superior progression-free survival benefits were sustained for the ibrutinib plus rituximab arm compared to the FCR treatment arm (hazard ratio [HR]=0.39; 95 percent CI, 0.26-0.57; p<0.0001). Overall survival also continued to favor the ibrutinib plus rituximab arm (HR=0.34, 95 percent CI, 0.15-0.80; p=0.010).
The only pretreatment characteristic that predicted discontinuation of ibrutinib for a reason other than progression was the number and severity of health problems other than CLL.